Limonene

D-limonene, which is a volatile oil, constitutes approximately 98% of orange peel oil by weight and has moderately good knockdown activity against ectoparasites of companion animals. The insecticidal activity of both d-limonene and linalool is enhanced when synergized by piperonyl butoxide. Apart from toxicoses reported in cats (65), d-limonene generally has a high margin of safety.

d-, l- or dl-Limonene has a pleasant, lemon-like odor free from camphoraceous and turpentine-like notes. Limonene is the most important and widespread terpene; it is known in the d- and l- optically active forms and in the optically inactive dl-form (known as dipentene).  It has been reported found in more than 300 essential oils in amounts ranging from 90 to 95% (lemon, orange, mandarin) to as low as 1% (palmarosa); the most widespread form is the d-limonene, followed by the racemic form and then l-limo nene. Also reported found in ginger, nutmeg, pepper, mace, hop oil, coriander seed, calamus, dill herb, caraway seed and rosemary.

Limonene is an antioxidant and flavoring agent that occurs in lemons, oranges, and pineapple juice, being obtained from the oils. It is a colorless liquid which is insoluble in water and propylene glycol, very slightly soluble in glycerin, and miscible with alcohol, most fixed oils, and mineral oil. It prevents or delays enzymatic browning-type oxidation.

Mary  Liu

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